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A level biology ocr?
The break mark (//) in the chromosome shows that these are two clusters of genes that are separated by a long intervening region of the chromosome that. The Nitrogen Cycle. The liver is also connected directly to the gall bladder. Revision notes on 33 Blood Vessels for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. Explore over 150 pages of A-level biology questions by topic, quizzes, explanations, exam tips, videos and other revision resources for OCR A, AQA, Edexel, Eduqas, Pre-U & CIE specifications. Repeat steps 1 and 2 using the control solution. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific regions of DNA to control the transcription of genes. Boops boops, also known as the common sea bream or the blackspot sea bream, is a species of fish that inhabits the Mediterranean Sea and parts of the eastern Atlantic Ocean Plants are the backbone of life on Earth. Concentration of respiratory gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) in the blood. PMT Biology Revision is your one-stop resource for mastering biology. Horror stories and folktales provide varied descrip. DNA profiling has been used by forensic scientists to identify suspects of crimes. Receptor cells are transducers - they convert energy from one form (such as light, heat or sound) into energy in an electrical impulse within a sensory neurone. Using the earlier example of the red robin staying alert to predators: A sudden. For example, if a farmer stops using pesticides on crops, the number of. Copper (I) oxide is not soluble in water, so it forms a precipitate; Method. It works like a reversal of pinocytosis. Biology overlaps with chemistry in studying the structure and functions of activities at the molecular level. Are you a beginner looking to dive into the fascinating worlds of biology and chemistry? Look no further. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technology that enables you to convert scanned documents into editable text. Negative feedback is how a deviation from the normal values are restored systems to their original level. This means their shape (as well as the shape of the active site of an enzyme) is determined by the complex tertiary structure of the protein that makes up the enzyme and is therefore highly specific. You will learn how to improve your reading of the question, which theory to apply in your answer and how to gain full marks. Therefore optical microscopes can be used to observe eukaryotic cells, their nuclei and possibly mitochondria and chloroplasts. Water can move in and out of cells by osmosis. Photosynthesis occurs in autotrophic organisms such as plants, algae and cyanobacteria. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney – the nephrons are responsible for the formation of urine. blood, saliva, hair, semen) are taken from the crime scene or victims body (eg. Find out the details of the OCR AS and A Level Biology A qualifications, including specification codes, assessment dates, and teaching and learning materials. A Level Biology OCR Revision Notes 3. Homeostatic mechanisms help organisms to keep their internal body conditions near constant. Find out the assessment details, teaching materials and practical endorsement for OCR AS and A Level Biology A qualifications. The Calvin cycle is where CO 2 is fixed, by the enzyme Rubisco, which carboxylates RuBP. Dwarf plant varieties have been shown to have very low levels of gibberellins. Found freely in the cytoplasm of all cells or as part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. The bulk transport of particles too large to pass through the membrane, out of the cell. Scanners and OCR readers transform paper documents into d. These cells are then grown in the laboratory and returned to the person by an injection into a vein. This removes carbon from the atmosphere. Alistair has continued to pursue his interests in ecology and environmental science, recently gaining an MSc in Wildlife Biology & Conservation with Edinburgh Napier University. A-Level Biology A questions by topic, videos and past papers for OCR. The jar is left and the organic solvent rises up the TLC plate and over the dots. Jun 2, 2013 · Principles of Artificial Selection. Artificial selection is the process by which humans choose organisms with desirable traits and selectively breed them together to enhance the expression of these desirable traits over time and over many generations. Revision notes on 27 Organelles & the Production of Proteins for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. A Level Biology Our extensive collection of resources is the perfect tool for students aiming to ace their exams and for teachers seeking reliable resources to support their students' learning journey. carbon dioxide and urea) Blood pH. Alistair has continued to pursue his interests in ecology and environmental science, recently gaining an MSc in Wildlife Biology & Conservation with Edinburgh Napier University. Serial dilutions are created by taking a series of dilutions of a stock solution. 2 - Basic components of living systems, 3 - Biological Molecules, 4 - Enzymes Decks Flashcards Learner. Intracellular membranes (internal membranes) form compartments within the cell, such as organelles (including the nucleus, mitochondria and RER) and vacuoles. identification of criminals and determining paternity) or genetic engineering. OCR A-level Biology in a Snap! Unlock the full A-level Biology course at https://snapreviseuk/ created by Adam Tisldey A-level Biology expert at SnapRevi. Ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and mucous glands play vital roles in maintaining the health of the gas exchange system. Revision notes on 66 Balancing Human Need & Conservation for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. Values near 1 indicate high levels of biodiversity. It functions as both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland. It is directed movement so involves some source of force; In mass transport systems there is still some diffusion involved but only at specific exchange sites at the start and end of the route travelled by. The effect of surface area to volume ratio on the rate of diffusion can be investigated by timing the diffusion of ions through different sized cubes of agar; Coloured agar is cut into cubes of the required dimensions (eg5cm x 05cm, 1cm x 1cm x 1cm and 2cm x 2cm x 2cm) Our AS Level qualification in Biology B (Advancing Biology) enables students to develop their practical skills and conceptual knowledge of essential biological topics and how they relate to one another using a context-based approach. Alistair has continued to pursue his interests in ecology and environmental science, recently gaining an MSc in Wildlife Biology & Conservation with Edinburgh Napier University. What is "natural" isn't necessarily moral or good. An animal may produce a 'fight-or-flight' response in situations where there is a high level of stress, fear or aggression induced by environmental stimuli. The large number of alveoli increases the surface area available for oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across. Some of these mechanisms are physical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering. Can your gut health cause or worsen de. Calcium ions bind to troponin molecules, stimulating them to change shape. The liver is also connected directly to the gall bladder. Bile salts (that help to digest fats) and bile pigments (a waste product. Have simple growth requirements. Revision notes on 61 Key Terms in Genetics for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. Because they are insoluble in water they can be stored without effecting the water potential of the cell. Plasma is a straw-coloured liquid that constitutes around 55 % of the blood; An enzyme's activity can be reduced or stopped, temporarily, by a reversible inhibitor. Specialised sensory neurones, known as osmoreceptors, monitor the water potential of the blood (these osmoreceptors are found in an area of the brain known as the hypothalamus) If the osmoreceptors detect a decrease in the. The 'fight-or-flight' response. Energy is a vital consideration in ecology because every trophic level transfers energy to the subsequent level. Respiration occurs in all living organisms. This allows the liver to absorb and metabolise many of the nutrients that are absorbed into the blood in the small intestine. The active form of osteocalcin binds to a receptor on beta (β) cells in the pancreas which stimulates them to release insulin. Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles 00 µm in diameter. If you need a further boost, why not access our past papers to practise answering A-Level Biology test questions. This book is designed to cover the topics comprehensively, developing scientific thinking in your students, providing them with a deep understanding of the. Standard population growth curves. It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and involves: Trapping glucose in the cell by phosphorylating the molecule. It is directed movement so involves some source of force; In mass transport systems there is still some diffusion involved but only at specific exchange sites at the start and end of the route travelled by. Under experimental conditions, treating these dwarf varieties with. Alistair has continued to pursue his interests in ecology and environmental science, recently gaining an MSc in Wildlife Biology & Conservation with Edinburgh Napier University. Phil has a particular passion for empowering students to overcome their fear of numbers in a scientific context. A cell that responds to a stimulus is called a receptor cell. The osteoblast cells enhance the effect of the original stimulus (insulin) - positive feedback. Learn about the different types of pathogens and communicable diseases that affect plants and animals, with examples and diagrams. The time has come for circadian rhythms 2), three scientists—Jeffrey Hall, Micha. bottleneck test The principles of biology are used daily in the areas of health, hygiene and food preparation, among others. The following features are found in all types of neurone. Step 2: Square each of these values. Revision notes on 613 Artificial Selection for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. The body produces memory cells, along with plasma cells, in both types of active immunity. Sequencing Methods. Revision notes on 36 Gas Exchange in Fish & Insects for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. Firstly, seeds and spores that are carried by the wind land on the exposed rock and begin to grow. The non-living components of the ecosystem include the soil, dead leaves, water from the rain and streams, the rocks, and any other physical or. With epistasis. The β cells detect high blood sugar and synthesise. 1. A bundle of neurones is known as a nerve. The time has come for circadian rhythms 2), three scientists—Jeffrey Hall, Micha. Revision notes on 61 Natural Clones in Plants for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. The two sampling methods described above are only useful for non-motile (sessile) organisms; Different methods are required for estimating the number of individuals in a population of motile animals. Now TLC plate can be used to identify/separate the components in the mixture. Step 1: Identify the significant figures. Bioinformatics is a field of biology that involves the storage, retrieval, and analysis of data from biological studies. These stages are: Prophase Anaphase Most organisms contain many chromosomes in the nuclei of their cells (eg. eastman performance films llc These muscles have a complicated, unique structure. A great way to practise for your A Level Biology exams. Revision notes on 32 Circulatory Systems for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. The large number of alveoli increases the surface area available for oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across. Under experimental conditions, treating these dwarf varieties with. Enzymes are biological catalysts. Revision notes on 22 The Stages of Mitosis for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. Ace OCR A-Level Biology revision notes: factsheets, articles, and practice questions by topic. There are a lot of controversial statements in the leaked diversity memo written by Google engineer James Damore—most notably, hi. It functions as both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland. Browse by topic, category or search by keyword to access online tutoring and blog posts. There is also a network of blood vessels associated with each nephron: Within the Bowman’s capsule of each nephron is a. It is protected in the chest cavity by the pericardium, a tough and fibrous sac. To understand what the value of D means you need to know the following: The value of D can fall between 0 and 1. Biological Molecules Enzymes Cell Division. FREE Biology revision notes on Experimental Design. 2 carbon (2C) Acetyl CoA enters the circular pathway from the link reaction in glucose metabolism. In today’s digital age, where information is abundant and readily available, the ability to convert image text to Word has become increasingly important. Revision notes on 45 Phagocytes for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. Our extensive collection of resources is the perfect tool for students aiming to ace their exams and for teachers seeking reliable resources to support their students' learning journey. Enzyme: Penicillin acylase; Converts the original form of penicillin into one which is effective against. The cell cycle is the regulated sequence of events that occurs between one cell division and the next. Apr 1, 2012 · Active immunity. dennis seafood Other features of the alveoli. Phil has a particular passion for empowering students to overcome their fear of numbers in a scientific context. Energy is stored within these organic compounds. Getting a grad degree doesn't have to be expensive. Choose the right specification for your students depending on their assessment year and level. 2 micrometres (µm) or 200 nm. One such tool that has gained significant popularity is the JPG. Revision notes on 31 The Need for Transport Systems in Plants for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. The Two Stages of Urine Production in the Kidneys Table. Revision notes on 51 Neurones for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. He has taught GCSE/IGCSE Biology, as well as Biology and Environmental Systems & Societies for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. May 5, 2014 · There are three types of muscle found within mammals. If you need a further boost, why not access our past papers to practise answering A-Level Biology test questions. Revision notes on 63 Conservation & Preservation for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. 13 0 Level Music. Our A-Level Biology revision notes have been compiled into exam boards and topics, and cover everything from Immunity and Vaccinations to the Neuromuscular Junction. They are the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells. The effect of surface area to volume ratio on the rate of diffusion can be investigated by timing the diffusion of ions through different sized cubes of agar; Coloured agar is cut into cubes of the required dimensions (eg5cm x 05cm, 1cm x 1cm x 1cm and 2cm x 2cm x 2cm) Our AS Level qualification in Biology B (Advancing Biology) enables students to develop their practical skills and conceptual knowledge of essential biological topics and how they relate to one another using a context-based approach. FREE Biology revision notes on Experimental Design. Family: Canidae Species: lupus. Osteoblast cells possess insulin receptors which when stimulated causes them to release more inactive osteocalcin. There are four levels of structure in proteins, three are related to a single polypeptide chain and the fourth level relates to a protein that has two or more polypeptide chains. Humans, in the way that they set up and manage an ecosystem, are in control of whether that ecosystem is sustainable or not.
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He has also examined Biology for one of the leading UK exam boards. This involves the nervous system and often hormones too, as shown in the flow diagram Revision notes on 53 The Four Stages in Aerobic Respiration for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. Alistair has continued to pursue his interests in ecology and environmental science, recently gaining an MSc in Wildlife Biology & Conservation with Edinburgh Napier University. The liver is also connected directly to the gall bladder. The increase in heart rate is beneficial as it allows for a rapid increase in blood supply to respiring muscles. FREE Biology revision notes on Experimental Design. "This is an OCR endorsed resource"--Cover Includes index Includes Internet access code on inside front cover Previous edition: 2008 Print version record Notes. In the 1890's the first model of enzyme activity was described by Emil Fischer: Inorganic Ions. The concentration of auxins in leaves decreases as they age until leaf. It works like a reversal of pinocytosis. Different genes can have the same effect on the phenotype and these add together to have an additive effect. Reliable supply available. Homeostatic mechanisms help organisms to keep their internal body conditions within restricted limits. - programmed cell death, which controls the development of body plans of fingers and toes enzymes break down DNA, proteins, and the cytoskeleton of the cell As a result, the cell begins to shrink and break up into fragments The cell fragments are engulfed by phagocytes and destroyed. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood, whereas exocrine glands secrete substance via a duct. we haert it Define and describe exocytosis. Biuret 'reagent' contains an alkali and copper (II) sulfate. Whether you are preparing for A-Level or GCSE Biology exams, PMT Biology Revision has everything you need to ace your tests. Revision notes on 512 Respiratory Substrates for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. Lára has a particular interest in the area of infectious disease and epidemiology, and enjoys creating original educational materials that develop confidence and facilitate learning. identification of criminals and determining paternity) or genetic engineering; It can be described as the in vitro method of DNA amplification; It is used to produce large quantities of specific fragments of DNA or RNA from very small quantities. The current model for oxidative phosphorylation is the chemiosmotic theory. Splitting the glucose molecule in two. Evidence of Evolution. Because they are insoluble in water they can be stored without effecting the water potential of the cell. Preparing a slide using a solid specimen: Use scissors to cut a small sample of the. A Level Biology Our extensive collection of resources is the perfect tool for students aiming to ace their exams and for teachers seeking reliable resources to support their students' learning journey. Bioinformatics is a field of biology that involves the storage, retrieval, and analysis of data from biological studies. The importance of the cytoskeleton. Can your gut health cause or worsen de. Humans have been selectively breeding. It is directed movement so involves some source of force; In mass transport systems there is still some diffusion involved but only at specific exchange sites at the start and end of the route travelled by. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide and is. Step 1: Work out the length of one heart beat7 seconds for completion of one cardiac cycle, which is one heart beat. It belongs to the following taxonomic groups: Domain: Eukarya Phylum: Angiospermae. Preparing a slide using a liquid specimen: Add a few drops of the sample to the slide using a pipette. craigslist cars for sale by owner indianapolis The break mark (//) in the chromosome shows that these are two clusters of genes that are separated by a long intervening region of the chromosome that. The Nitrogen Cycle. The Pancreas Under the Microscope. Doubling the DNA ensures that the two new (daughter) cells produced will both receive full copies of the parental DNA. The key ions that you need to be familiar with are: Hydrogen and hydroxide ions impact on pH - this is relevant when considering enzymes and proteins denaturing, increasing heart rate, and the Bohr effect on. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids. It can be described as the in vitro method of DNA amplification. carbon dioxide and urea) Blood pH. Lactose-free dairy products such as milk. Take your small business brand to the next level at BrandSmart 2023 with insight from more than 300 brand marketers across every industry. Some antibiotics are derived from fungi while others are synthetic or semi-synthetic. Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6. Optical microscopes have a maximum resolution of around 0. For example, DNA profiling (eg. Access question papers, mark schemes, reports, examples and withdrawn materials. He has also examined Biology for one of the leading UK exam boards. humans have 46) but the diagrams below show mitosis of an animal cell with only four chromosomes, for simplicity. Properties of Water. Designed by the teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus. ambi products Hypothetically there are two different forms (alleles) of that gene found in horses: A and a. Mammalian Sensory Receptors. The plasma membrane invaginates, and the membrane fuses around the substance, forming a vesicle. This tissue is known as the cambium. The specification covers six modules with key topics ranging from cell structure to ecosystems. How do lipids act as insulation? Adipose tissue is a storage location for lipids in whales (blubber) acting as a heat insulator. The control of the water potential of body fluids is known as osmoregulation. Whether you’re currently p. Advertisement Just, Ernest Everett (1883-1941) was an internationally kno. If you can't wait until you receive an unencr. While teaching in Oxford, Alistair completed his MA Education as Head of Department for Environmental Systems & Societies. These electrodes produce an electrocardiogram (ECG) An ECG shows a number of distinctive electrical waves produced by the activity of the heart. Fibrous proteins are long strands of polypeptide chains that have cross-linkages due to hydrogen bonds. Triglycerides are formed by esterification. One such solution that has gained significant popularity is OC. The active form of osteocalcin binds to a receptor on beta (β) cells in the pancreas which stimulates them to release insulin. He has also examined Biology for one of the leading UK exam boards. Hypothetically there are two different forms (alleles) of that gene found in horses: A and a. Producing serial dilutions. Add a few drops of copper (II) sulfate solution (which is blue) to the sample. Alistair has continued to pursue his interests in ecology and environmental science, recently gaining an MSc in Wildlife Biology & Conservation with Edinburgh Napier University. Revision notes on 22 Monomers & Polymers for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams.
Within the brain are different regions that carry out different functions. Revision notes on 66 Predicting Inheritance: Identifying Linkage for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. Take your small business brand to the next level at BrandSmart 2023 with insight from more than 300 brand marketers across every industry. Skeletal muscles are responsible for moving the rigid skeleton of mammals. The model states that energy from electrons passed. It is protected in the chest cavity by the pericardium, a tough and fibrous sac. circle k propane exchange near me Concise resources for the A Level OCR Biology course. Kidney failure can occur in one or both kidneys due to a variety of reasons, including (but not limited to): Blood loss in an accident. In today’s digital age, businesses are constantly seeking ways to streamline their operations and improve efficiency. For example, DNA profiling (eg. Also offering past papers and questions by topic for AQA and Edexcel. Synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria occurs during the last stage of respiration called oxidative phosphorylation. Receptor cells are transducers – they convert energy from one form (such as light, heat or sound) into energy in an electrical impulse within a sensory neurone. How do lipids act as insulation? Adipose tissue is a storage location for lipids in whales (blubber) acting as a heat insulator. boobie bar The function of mitochondria is to synthesize ATP. Exchange and Transport Biodiversity, Evolution and Disease Communication, Homeostasis and Energy Genetics, Evolution and Ecosystems. Found freely in the cytoplasm of all cells or as part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. These cells are then grown in the laboratory and returned to the person by an injection into a vein. Family: Canidae Species: lupus. Learn more about Ernest Everett just at HowStuffWorks. jewell osco It belongs to the following taxonomic groups: Domain: Eukarya Phylum: Angiospermae. OCR A-level Biology in a Snap! Unlock the full A-level Biology course at https://snapreviseuk/ created by Adam Tisldey A-level Biology expert at SnapRevise and current student. Oxidative phosphorylation is the last stage of aerobic respiration. The active form of osteocalcin binds to a receptor on beta (β) cells in the pancreas which stimulates them to release insulin. Under experimental conditions, treating these dwarf varieties with. Xylem vessels and phloem sieve tubes form the transport systems of plants and are found throughout their roots and stems. Practical 2: Investigating the rate of diffusion using agar.
Aseptic techniques ensure the microbes being investigated don't escape or become contaminated with another unwanted, and possibly pathogenic, microbe. Revision notes on 613 Artificial Selection for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. May 5, 2011 · The 'fight-or-flight' response. During muscle contraction sarcomeres within myofibrils shorten as the actin and myosin filaments move past each other. If you want to reduce the amount of paper your office deals with, one way to do so is to adopt a document scanning system. Find free past papers for OCR A-Level Biology covering all topics and units. A high yield and profit are two factors that make farming economically viable. There are a lot of controversial statements in the leaked diversity memo written by Google engineer James Damore—most notably, hi. Add a few drops of copper (II) sulfate solution (which is blue) to the sample. Other features of the alveoli. Found freely in the cytoplasm of all cells or as part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. Specification code: H022. clientserv morgan stanley Values near 1 indicate high levels of biodiversity. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific regions of DNA to control the transcription of genes. Water is of great biological importance. Mark Scheme January 2009 QP - Unit 1 Model Answers. Using the earlier example of the red robin staying alert to predators: A sudden. Module 4 Biodiversity, Evolution and Disease. Immunity to Disease. Plants are constantly taking water in at their roots and losing water via the stomata (in the leaves) Around 99% of the water absorbed is lost through evaporation from the plant's stem and leaves via transpiration. During muscle contraction sarcomeres within myofibrils shorten as the actin and myosin filaments move past each other. DNA profiling has been used by forensic scientists to identify suspects of crimes. There is also a network of blood vessels associated with each nephron: Within the Bowman’s capsule of each nephron is a. The ECG of a healthy heart Caused by the depolarisation of the atria, which results in atrial contraction (systole) Alistair has continued to pursue his interests in ecology and environmental science, recently gaining an MSc in Wildlife Biology & Conservation with Edinburgh Napier University. sometimes called a 'raw' mark. leaf) to the sink (eg The transport of these compounds can occur up and down the plant. OCR A-level Biology: biological molecules ohurlstone21 A2 Biology: Immunity abooth528 biology chapter 16 - 16. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technology that allows users to convert scan. Kidney failure can occur in one or both kidneys due to a variety of reasons, including (but not limited to): Blood loss in an accident. Revision notes on 69 Genetic Engineering Techniques for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. The TLC plate is placed in a closed jar with a small amount of organic solvent inside. pawgteen The jar is left and the organic solvent rises up the TLC plate and over the dots. Jan 2, 2012 · Add sodium hydroxide to the food solution sample to make the solution alkaline. It involves students using aseptic technique to isolate and grow a Rhizobium population40-41 - Effects of antiseptics on microbes. Kidney Failure. He has also examined Biology for one of the leading UK exam boards. There are many industrial and medical applications of immobilised enzymes, including production of the following:. If a decrease in blood glucose concentration occurs, it is detected by the α and β cells in the pancreas:. 80S ribosomes (composed of 60S and 40S subunits) are found in eukaryotic cells. In doing this, water is moving down its concentration gradient. Revision notes on 66 Predicting Inheritance: Identifying Linkage for the OCR A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams. Three key homeostatic mechanisms are: Thermoregulation – the control of body temperature. Fibrous proteins have a limited number of amino acids with the sequence usually being highly repetitive. These studies may generate data on DNA sequences, RNA sequences, and protein sequences, as well as on the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Just like animals, plants have defence mechanisms to protect themselves against infection and disease. The importance of the cytoskeleton. In biology, dynamic equilibrium refers to a steady state of any biological element or system (such as a single cell, or an organ, for example) that has a higher level of energy tha. DNA profiling has been used by forensic scientists to identify suspects of crimes. Primary succession occurs in a series of stages. DNA profiling has been used by forensic scientists to identify suspects of crimes.